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Emphysema

   Introduction to Emphysema.
   Types of Emphysema.
   Signs and Symptoms of Emphysema.
   Causes and Risk Factors of Emphysema.
   Diagnosis of Emphysema.
   Treatment for Emphysema
   Prevention for Emphysema.

Introduction to Emphysema

Emphysema is a disease of the respiratory system, where the tiny air sacs of the lungs called the ‘alveoli’ enlarge ‘abnormally and permanently’. This enlargement causes the walls of the capillaries to rupture thereby narrowing the airways.

The airways narrowed bring about difficulty in inhaling oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. The lung tissue is gradually destroyed due to emphysema. Emphysema affects people who smoke tobacco and marijuana.1 It is most commonly seen in people who are older than 50 years.

Types of Emphysema

There are three types of emphysema.

  • Centriacinar emphysema—This is also called as centrilobular emphysema. In this kind, the emphysema starts in the bronchioles and spreads to the periphery. The upper part of the lungs is involved and this condition is associated with smoking.
  • Panacinar emphysema—In this condition, the whole alveolus in the lower part of the lungs is destroyed consistently. This condition is associated with people having homozygous α1-antitrypsin deficiency.
  • Paraseptal emphysema—This kind is localized to the septae or the pleura of the lungs and involves the distal airway structures like alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs.

Causes and Risk Factors of Emphysema

Causes and risk factors of Emphysema
Smoking is the major cause and environmental risk factor for emphysema. The other causes and risk factors of emphysema are as follows 
 

Treatment for Emphysema

Treatment for Emphysema

Quitting smoking is a quintessential component of management of emphysema. A few available treatment modalities help in alleviating the symptoms and avoiding complications.
 

Prevention for Emphysema

The following steps might help in preventing emphysema.4

  • Quitting smoking.
  • Limiting the exposure to second hand smoke.
  • Wearing a dust mask to avoid exposure to chemical fumes, dust etc.
  • Avoiding respiratory irritants like automobile exhaust, fumes from paint, certain perfumes etc.
  • Exercising regularly and following simple breathing techniques.
  • Air passages should be kept clear without mucus and hence one should drink plenty of nonalcoholic fluids.
  • Protecting from cold air by covering the mouth and nose with a mask as cold air can cause spasm of the bronchial passages.
  • Being vaccinated for flu and pneumonia to avoid respiratory infections.
  • Consuming a balanced diet with all necessary nutrients.

Written by: Healthplus24 team
Date last updated: July 18, 2011

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References 
  1. Thurlbeck WM. Overview of the pathology of pulmonary emphysema in the human. Clin Chest Med. 1983; 4(3): 337–350.
  2. Sanders C. The radiographic diagnosis of emphysema. Radiol Clin North Am. 1991; 29(5): 1019–1030.
  3. Brenes GA. Anxiety and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prevalence, impact, and treatment. Psychosom Med. 2003; 65(6): 963–970.
  4. Ferguson GT, Cherniack RM. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328(14): 1017–1022.
 
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