Overview of shingles

Shingles (also known as herpes zoster) refers to the infection caused due to reactivation of a virus called Varicella zoster. Initially, this virus would have caused chicken pox in the same individual before entering into a dormant stage in the body. These viruses spread in the body through the blood during the initial infection and reside in the collection of nerve cells (referred to as ganglia) in the body. Once reactivated, the Varicella zoster virus results in shingles, which is characterized by formation of small, fluid filled eruptions (blisters) on the skin that may be painful. Although noted at any age, shingles is common in adults above the age of 50 years and rare in children below 15 years. In some cases, individuals who are affected by shingles may develop a condition known as postherpetic neuralgia several years after being infected by shingles.¹

Causes of shingles

The exact cause of reactivation of the Varicella zoster virus is not known. Various factors that may alter an individual’s immune system may play a role in the reactivation. 

Signs and Symptoms of shingles

Signs and symptoms of shingles

As discussed earlier, shingles is characterized by formation of blisters that may be painful. These blisters are typically noted along the path of the nerve endings on the skin. Such blisters are often noted in the trunk region and may be observed around the trunk region like a belt. 

Diagnosis of shingles

The diagnosis is often confirmed based on the signs and symptoms observed. The doctor may perform a skin biopsy at times if any other condition is suspected.

Treatment of shingles

There is no cure for the viral infection once an individual is infected. However, the severity of the condition and its complications can be prevented effectively when early therapy is initiated. 

Complications of shingles

Over half of the individuals affected with shingles may develop complications of the eye that is characterized by inflammation of the eyelids, conjunctivitis and at times may affect the movement of the eyes. Rarely in severe cases, wherein there is widespread involvement of the nerves shingles may be mortal.¹

The occurrence of shingles cannot be prevented, as the exact factor that triggers reactivation is not known. However, the occurrence of chicken pox can be prevented by vaccinating children and adults, who have not been affected with chicken pox. Progression of shingles to postherpetic neuralgia may be prevented in certain instances with appropriate treatment of shingles.^1,3,4