Colon polyps are fleshy mucosal protrusions, which arise from the inner epithelial lining of the colon, which vary in size, shape and histopathology. They usually do not cause any symptoms until their size increases sufficient enough to cause obstruction resulting in rectal bleeding. Colon polyps are of much concern, as they are capable of becoming malignant. Studies have shown that early detection and removal of colon polyp decreases the occurrence of invasive cancer.1 Colon polyps are classified as non-neoplastic and neoplastic polyps.1
Non-neoplastic polyps are further classified as:
- Mucosal polyps—These are normal mucosal protrutions and resemble a polyp which is found in the colon.
- Hyperplastic polyps—They develop from a focal abnormality in cellular replication and are commomly found in the rectum.
- Juvenile polyps—These are epithelial retention polyps composed of cystically dialated glands filled with mucus and thickened with inflammatory material.
- Peutz-Jeghers polyps—These lesions range from 1–3 cm are multiple and composed of mature intestinal epithelial cells.
Neoplastic polyps are also termed as adenomas. They are tumors which are made up of benign neoplastic epithelium.
They include:
- Tubular adenomas—They are composed of a mass of tubular glands, producing a polyp with a rounded surface.
- Villous adenomas—These are composed of finger-like epithelial projections extending outward from the surface.
- Mixed tubular and villous adenomas - These are composed of both types of tissues.
Epidemiology of Colon polyps cancer
Occurrences of polyp are common and the incidence increases with age. It is estimated that about 50% of people above 60 years of age are affected with one kind of polyp. Men and women are equally affected. Epidemiologic studies have shown that environmental causes also add to the colon polyp incidence in geographically distinct populations. The risk of isolated polyps (about 1 cm) developing into cancer is 8% at 10 years and 24% at 20 years. Recent studies have shown that aspirin, folic acid and calcium intake reduces the polyp formation and guard against development of colorectal carcinoma.3
Colon polyps can be managed early by regular screening which is usually done above the age of 50 years. Some of the screening tests are:
- Fecal occult blood test every year
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
- Barium enema every 5 years
- Colonoscopy every 10 years
Apart from the above points, the following points can also be considered.9
- Consuming low-fat, high-fiber diet.
- Maintaining healthy body weight and being physically active.
- Reduce alcohol consumption.
- Taking calcium supplements.
- Using turmeric protects against colon polyp.
- Including fresh fruits, vegetables and cereals in diet.
Written by: Healthplus24 team
Date last updated: April 30, 2012